Hindi, also known as Khadi Boli, Khari Boli, belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken as a first language primarily in northern and central India by more than 258 million people (Ethnologue). It is the language that unifies multilingual India, home to some 400 different languages/dialects. Outside of India, Hindi is spoken in Australia, Bangladesh, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Canada, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Germany, Guyana, Kenya, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sint Maarten, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Yemen, Zambia (Ethnologue). Such a wide distribution makes Hindi one of the most spoken languages of the world.Hindi vs.
Lipikaar is a typing method which allows users to type in Hindi using a regular English keyboard. Simple, easy to use and intuitive typing solution. Create Word documents, Presentations, Excel Sheets or write e-mails in Hindi. No fluency in English is required. Lipikaar encourages users to think in Hindi. No keyboard stickers required.
UrdūThe name Hindi is of Persian origin. The Persians used it to refer to the Indian people and to the languages they spoke. Scholars postulate that Hindi developed in the 8th-10th centuries from khari boli, the speech around Dehli which was adopted by the Moslem invaders to communicate with the local population. Eventually, it developed into a variety called Urdū (from Turkish ordu ‘camp’), characterized by numerous borrowings from Persian and Arabic, which became a literary language.
In the meantime, the language of the indigenous population remained relatively free of borrowings from Persian and Arabic, and instead borrowed words and literary conventions from Sanskrit. This language became Hindi.As a result of these different influences, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and draws much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit, while Urdū is written in the Perso-Arabic script and draws a great deal of its lexicon from Persian and Arabic. The two languages also differ in a number of relatively minor ways in their sound system and grammar.
Both Hindi and Urdū have been used as literary languages starting in the 12th century. Under the influence of English, Hindi and Urdū literature flourished starting in the 18th century.Hindi and Urdū have a common colloquial form, called Hindustani. Hindustani never achieved the status of a literary language, although Mahatma Gandhi used it as a symbol of national unity during India’s struggle for independence from England. StatusHindi is the primary official language of the Union government of India. It is the primary tongue of about a third of India’s 1.09 billion people. Hindi became the official language of India in 1965, although the Constitution of India also recognizes English plus 21 other official languages.After the Independence of India from Britain in 1947, the Government of India undertook the standardization of the language.
In 1958, ‘A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi’ was published as a result of the work of a government-appointed committee. Hindi spelling was standardized, and a standardized system of transcribing the Devanagari alphabet was devised.Hindi and EnglishFor speakers of India’s approximately 400 languages/dialects to function within a single country requires some common language. The choice of this language, known in India as the ‘link’ language, has been a sensitive political issue since independence in 1947. Efforts to reach a consensus on a single national language that is acceptable to all the diverse language communities have been largely unsuccessful.Both Hindi and English are extensively used, and each has its own supporters. On the one hand, native speakers of Hindi, concentrated in northern and central India, assert that English is a relic from India’s colonial past.
In addition, since it is spoken mostly by the country’s educated elite, it is too exclusive to be India’s official language. Proponents of English, on the other hand, argue that the use of Hindi is unfair because it disadvantages those who have to learn it as a second language.Education in English continues to be a prerequisite for social status. English remains the sole language of higher education in almost every field of learning. Code-switching between Hindi and English is extremely common, especially among educated Indians.Click on the MLA Interactive Language Map to find out where Hindi is spoken in the U.S.DialectsThere are many regional varieties of spoken Hindi. Literary Hindi has 4 varieties: High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, and standard Hindi. Ʋ.There is a contrast between short and long consonants, e.g., pəta ‘address’ and pətta ‘leaf’.There is a contrast between aspirated vs. Unaspirated stops and affricates, including voiced ones, e.g., p—pʰ, t—tʰ, k—kʰ, b—bʰ, d—dʰ, g—gʰ, /ʈ/—/ʈʰ/, etc.
Aspirated consonants are produced with a strong puff of air.There is a contrast between and apical vs. retroflex consonants, e.g., /t/ – /ʈ/, /d/ – /ɖ/, /n/ – /ɳ/. Apical consonants are produced with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth, whereas retroflex consonants are produced with the tongue curled, so that its underside comes in contact with the roof of the mouth./ʋ/ is often realized as /v/./ʃ/ = sh in shop./tʃ/ = ch in chop./dʒ/ = j in job./j/ = y in yetStressStress in Hindi/Urdu normally falls on the penultimate (i.e., next to the last) syllable of a word. The position of stress alone does not affect word meaning. GrammarHindi is a highly inflected language which utilizes prefixes and suffixes to form words and to express grammatical relations. Hindi uses postpositions, rather than prepositions to express various case relationships.
DasWritingHindi is written in the Devanāgarī script, a descendant of the Brāhmī script. Devanāgarī script is also used for writing Sanskrit, Marathi, and Nepali. There is a fairly good correspondence between the characters and the sounds they represent. The Devanāgarī script is a syllable-based writing system in which is each syllable consists of a consonant plus an inherent vowel /ə/. There are a number of rules governing the realization of inherent vowels. Vowels have different representations in writing depending on whether they are independent or following a consonant.
Devanāgarī is written from left to right. Sentences are separated by vertical lines.Take a look at Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Devanāgarī and in romanization.– सभी मनुष्यों को गर्व और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त है। उन्हे बुद्धि और अन्तरआत्मा की देन है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये ।All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.Hindi words in EnglishEnglish has borrowed a number of words from Hindi. Among them are these familiar ones.
A keyboard appears, floating in the middle of your screen.If you’re having a hard time with the size of the keys, you can use your mouse to drag the keyboard larger or smaller to resize the keys.Test out the on-screen keyboard input in any application where you can enter text.Open WordPad or a similar application and give it a go. You might notice that the process is a bit slow, but if you have physical impairments that make using a traditional keyboard difficult or impossible, the on-screen keyboard is a great help. And the good news is that you can now modify several of the Keyboard’s options to speed things up. To use keystroke combinations (such as Ctrl+Z), click the first key (in this case, Ctrl) and then click the second key (Z).
You don’t have to hold down the first key as you do with a regular keyboard.Click the Options button at the lower right of the on-screen keyboard.You can use the on-screen keyboard options to customize the way it works on your computer.Sound: Turn click sound on or off.Click on the keys or hover over the keys: Hovering is particularly helpful for those with limited finger control.Test Prediction: This handy new feature tries to predict what words you’re typing and then provides you with buttons showing you its predictions. You can click one of these buttons to complete your word instead of typing the remaining letters individually.The more you use this feature, the more it gets to know you and the words you typically use. Your most frequently used words will move to the top of the list, speeding up your typing even more.Scan through Keys: This is another new feature that allows you select an entire row of keys instead of individual keys. It sounds strange, but when you combine Scan through Keys with Prediction, you’ll be amazed at how quickly it can predict the words you might want to use.